玄武岩（Basalt）
产地：山东省昌乐市
特征：
玄武岩是一种基性喷出岩，是由火山喷发出的岩浆冷却后凝固而成的一种致密状或泡沫状结构的岩石。它在地质学的岩石分类中，属于岩浆岩（也叫火成岩）。其化学成分与辉长岩或辉绿岩相似，玄武岩的主要成份是二氧化硅、三氧化二铝、氧化铁、氧化钙、氧化镁（还有少量的氧化钾、氧化钠），其中二氧化硅含量最多，含量变化于45%～52%之间，K2O+Na2O含量较侵入岩略高，CaO、Fe2O3+FeO、MgO含量较侵入岩略低。矿物成份主要由基性长石和辉石组成，次要矿物有橄榄石，角闪石及黑云母等，岩石均为暗色，一般为黑色，有时呈灰绿以及暗紫色等。呈斑状结构。气孔构造和杏仁构造普遍。
玄武岩体积密度为2.8～3.3g/cm3，致密者压缩强度很大，可高达300MPa，有时更高，存在玻璃质及气孔时则强度有所降低。玄武岩耐久性甚高，节理多，且节理面多成五边形或六边形，构成柱状节理。性脆，因而不易采得大块石料，由于气孔和杏仁构造常见，虽玄武岩地表上分布广泛，但可作饰面石材不多。
采集人：马玉新
Basalt
Provenance: Changle, Shandong, China
Characteristics:
Basalt is defined by its mineral content and texture, and physical descriptions without mineralogical context may be unreliable in some circumstances. Basalt is usually grey to black in color, but rapidly weathers to brown or rust-red due to oxidation of its mafic (iron-rich) minerals into hematite and other iron oxides and hydroxides. Although usually characterized as dark, basaltic rocks exhibit a wide range of shading due to regional geochemical processes. Due to weathering or high concentrations of plagioclase, some basalts can be quite light-colored, superficially resembling andesite to untrained eyes. Basalt has a fine-grained mineral texture due to the molten rock cooling too quickly for large mineral crystals to grow; it is often porphyritic, containing larger crystals formed prior to the extrusion that brought the magma to the surface, embedded in a finer-grained matrix. These phenocrysts usually are of olivine or a calcium-rich plagioclase, which have the highest melting temperatures of the typical minerals that can crystallize from the melt.
Gatherer: Ma Yuxin